Most American television episodes with LGBT themes that aired before the 1969 Stonewall riots were on various local talk shows. Generally, these shows would gravely discuss the "problem" of homosexuality with a panel of "experts" on the subject, none of whom were identified as homosexual. These included such programs as Confidential File out of Los Angeles, which produced "Homosexuals and the Problems They Present" in 1954[1] and "Homosexuals Who Stalk and Molest Our Children" in 1955,[2] and The Open Mind out of New York which aired "Introduction to the Problem of Homosexuality", "Homosexuality: A Psychological Approach" and "Male and Female in American Society" during its 1956–1957 season.[3] One notable exception to this rule was Showcase, hosted out of New York by author Fannie Hurst beginning in 1958.[4] Showcase presented several of the earliest well-rounded discussions of homosexuality and was one of the few programs on which homosexual men spoke for themselves rather than being debated by a panel of "experts".[5] Hurst was praised by early homophile group the Mattachine Society, which invited Hurst to deliver the keynote address at the Society's 1958 convention.[6]
A brief break from this pattern came in 1961 with the production of The Rejected, the first documentary program on homosexuality aired on American television.[7] The Rejected presented information on such topics as the Kinsey Reports and featured anthropologist Margaret Mead discussing homosexuality in ancient Greece and among Native American cultures. A representative from the Mattachine Society also appeared on-air. However, the old model quickly re-emerged with such broadcasts as "Society and the Homosexual" in 1962 from the Los Angeles-based Argument and Chicago's Off the Cuff, which in 1963 presented a discussion of lesbianism with an all-male panel.[8] CBS became the first national network to broadcast a documentary hour, in 1967. CBS Reports: The Homosexuals featured men interviewed in shadow and from behind potted plants to conceal their identities and anti-gay psychologists Charles Socarides and Irving Bieber in a broadcast that has been described as "the single most destructive hour of antigay propaganda in our nation's history".[9]
During the 1960s, a few fiction series broached the subject obliquely, with "coded" or repressed lesbians like Miss Brant from 1961's The Asphalt Jungle or discussion of characters who may or may not have been gay like Channing's Buddy Crown in 1963. Those episodes that featured identified lesbian or gay characters tended to present them as either victims or killers. Following the 1969 Stonewall riots, a seminal event in the American gay rights movement, gay activist groups began speaking out more forcefully, challenging how homosexuality was portrayed on-screen.
Contents |
| Series | Network or Station |
Episode | Year | Synopsis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alfred Hitchcock Presents | NBC | "An Unlocked Window" | 1965 | A transvestite strangles nurses to death. The killer was portrayed by professional female impersonator T. C. Jones. |
| — | WTVS | Are Homosexuals Criminal? | 1958 | Local program produced in Detroit, Michigan.[2] |
| Argument | KTTV | "Society and the Homosexual" | 1962 | One of the few talk show entries that included a discussion of lesbianism, including an actual lesbian panelist.[8] |
| Army-McCarthy hearings | ABC and DuMont | 1954 | Although focusing in the main on the supposed threat of Communists in the United States Army, the hearings also addressed the issue of homosexuality as a security risk. Special Counsel for the Army Joseph Welch engaged in gay baiting when he defined a pixie as being "a close relative of a fairy". "Fairy" is a slang term for "homosexual" and Welch's remark was interpreted as a jibe at Roy Cohn, a closeted homosexual and aide to Senator Joseph McCarthy.[10] | |
| The Asphalt Jungle | ABC | "The Sniper" | 1961 | Miss Brant (Virginia Christine) is a repressed lesbian who shoots girls on lovers' lane for making themselves available to boys.[11] |
| CBS Playhouse | CBS | "Secrets" | 1968 | A mother (Eileen Heckart) is on trial for murdering her gay son and a man (Arthur Hill) refuses to say why he cannot serve on the jury. A supporting character, Cary (Barry Nelson), may be gay.[12] |
| The Bold Ones: The Lawyers | NBC | "Shriek of Silence" | 1969 | Barry Goram (Morgan Sterne) murders gubernatorial candidate and long-time friend Stephen Patterson (Craig Stevens) after Patterson discovers Goram is gay and fires him from his campaign staff. |
| CBS Reports | CBS | "CBS Reports: The Homosexuals" | 1967 | The first network documentary about homosexuality. Gay men were interviewed in shadow and from behind potted plants. The episode was widely condemned,[9] and anchor Mike Wallace later repudiated his participation.[13] |
| Channing | ABC | "The Last Testament of Buddy Crown" | 1963 | Buddy drowns while trying to swim across a lake. His father (David Wayne) believed Buddy was homosexual and Buddy was taunted by his peers for being different, although the episode does not specifically identify Buddy as having been gay.[14] |
| Confession | WFAA-TV | 1957 | Local program produced out of Dallas; a 1957 episode featured an interview with a transvestite. | |
| Confidential File | KTTV Syndicated |
"Homosexuals and the Problems They Present" "Homosexuals Who Stalk and Molest Our Children" Title unrecorded |
1954 1955 1962 |
Host Paul Coates was praised in Variety following the first episode for his tasteful treatment of the topic.[2] The 1962 episode, covering the 1962 convention of the Daughters of Bilitis, aired after Confidential File became syndicated nationally and is probably the first national broadcast that specifically covered lesbianism.[15] |
| The David Susskind Show | Syndicated | "Are Homosexuals Sick?" | 1967 | Susskind did indeed believe that homosexuals were mentally ill but also believed that they should be treated with compassion and not punished for it.[16] |
| The Eleventh Hour | NBC | "What Did She Mean By Good Luck?" | 1963 | High-strung actress Hallie Lambert (Kathryn Hays) is diagnosed by her psychiatrist with "lesbian tendencies". She believes her director Marya Stone (Beverly Garland) hates her, but her psychiatrist realizes that Lambert is actually in love with Stone and channeling her confusion into hostility. |
| FYI | WTVJ | "The Homosexual" | 1966 | Locally produced program that came out "against the homosexual child molester and toward the parent who never thought it could happen to his or her son". Guests included representatives of the Dade County Sheriff's Department, the Florida legislature and Richard Inman, president of the Mattachine Society of Florida.[17] |
| The Joe Pyne Show | Syndicated | Title unrecorded | 1967 | Pyne interviewed couple and early gay rights activists Harry Hay and John Burnside.[18] |
| Judd, for the Defense | ABC | "Weep the Hunter Home" | 1968 | A father (Harold Gould) fears that his son's best friend (Peter Jason) is a homosexual and that he is trying to turn his son (Richard Dreyfuss) gay. The boys are mixed up in a phony kidnapping scheme. |
| Kup's Show | WBKB | Title unrecorded | 1964 | Host Irv Kupcinet devoted an episode to a conference held by the Chicago chapter of the Mattachine Society.[19] |
| The Les Crane Show | WABC-TV | Title unrecorded | 1964 | Host Les Crane interviewed gay activist Randy Wicker, who also took telephone calls from viewers.[20] |
| Max Liebman Presents | NBC | "Lady in the Dark" | 1954 | Russell Paxton (Carleton Carpenter), a staff photographer, oohs and aahs over an attractive male movie star just like the office girls do. Russell is perhaps the first identifiably gay character on American television.[21] |
| N.Y.P.D. | ABC | "Shakedown" "Everybody Loved Him" |
1967 1969 |
In "Shakedown", police track down a blackmail ring targeting closeted gay men. Homophile leader Charles Spad (John Harkins) is most likely the first self-identified gay character on broadcast television.[22] James Broderick plays a gay construction worker. In "Everybody Loved Him", a successful film producer is murdered by a closeted and psychotic elevator operator (Walter McGinn). |
| Off the Cuff | WBKB | "Homosexuality and Lesbianism" | 1963 | Local talk show produced in Chicago.[8] |
| The Open Mind | WRCA | "Introduction to the Problem of Homosexuality" "Homosexuality: A Psychological Approach" "Male and Female in American Society" |
1956 1956 1957 |
Local talk show produced in New York City. The episodes covered topics including whether homosexuality should be treated as a criminal or a medical matter, nature vs. nurture as the cause of homosexuality and how society indoctrinates young people into gender roles.[3] According to host Richard Heffner, after the first episode Cardinal Francis Spellman threatened to have NBC affiliate WRCA's broadcasting license revoved.[23] |
| — | KQED, later syndicated to NET stations | The Rejected | 1961 | The first television documentary about homosexuality. |
| Showcase | WABD WNTA-TV |
Untitled Untitled "Problems of the Teenager Who Doesn't Fit" Untitled |
1958 1959 1959 1959 |
1) A general discussion of male homosexuality. Hurst planned a second show for the following day on lesbians but moments before going on the air WABD management ordered her panel not to discuss the topic. Hurst angrily excoriated station management on the air for what she saw as censorship. Following this and other clashes with the station, Hurst moved her show to WNTA.[24] 2) Another introductory discussion of the topic of homosexuality. 3) Homosexual youth. Showcase was cancelled shortly after this episode aired, in April 1959, although it is unclear whether it was this episode that led to the cancellation.[25] 4) Discussion of psychological and sociological aspects of homosexuality. |